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 Alexander K. Zvonkin Mathematics , 2014, Abstract: In weighted trees, all edges are endowed with positive integral weight. We enumerate weighted bicolored plane trees according to their weight and number of edges.
 Thomas Duquesne Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: We study fine properties of L\'evy trees that are random compact metric spaces introduced by Le Gall and Le Jan in 1998 as the genealogy of continuous state branching processes. L\'evy trees are the scaling limits of Galton-Watson trees and they generalize Aldous's continuum random tree which corresponds to the Brownian case. In this paper we prove that L\'evy trees have always an exact packing measure: We explicitely compute the packing gauge function and we prove that the corresponding packing measure coincides with the mass measure up to a multiplicative constant.
 Computer Science , 2015, Abstract: We consider the problem of computing the probability of regular languages of infinite trees with respect to the natural coin-flipping measure. We propose an algorithm which computes the probability of languages recognizable by \emph{game automata}. In particular this algorithm is applicable to all deterministic automata. We then use the algorithm to prove through examples three properties of measure: (1) there exist regular sets having irrational probability, (2) there exist comeager regular sets having probability $0$ and (3) the probability of \emph{game languages} $W_{i,k}$, from automata theory, is $0$ if $k$ is odd and is $1$ otherwise.
 Mathematics , 2005, Abstract: We study fine properties of the so-called stable trees, which are the scaling limits of critical Galton-Watson trees conditioned to be large. In particular we derive the exact Hausdorff measure function for Aldous' continuum random tree and for its level sets. It follows that both the uniform measure on the tree and the local time measure on a level set coincide with certain Hausdorff measures. Slightly less precise results are obtained for the Hausdorff measure of general stable trees.
 Physics , 2011, DOI: 10.1088/1751-8113/44/40/405301 Abstract: We study the probability measure on the space of density matrices induced by the metric defined by using superfidelity. We give the formula for the probability density of eigenvalues. We also study some statistical properties of the set of density matrices equipped with the introduced measure and provide a method for generating density matrices according to the introduced measure.
 Mathematics , 2005, Abstract: We introduce the notion of doubly rooted plane trees and give a decomposition of these trees, called the butterfly decomposition which turns out to have many applications. From the butterfly decomposition we obtain a one-to-one correspondence between doubly rooted plane trees and free Dyck paths, which implies a simple derivation of a relation between the Catalan numbers and the central binomial coefficients. We also establish a one-to-one correspondence between leaf-colored doubly rooted plane trees and free Schr\"oder paths. The classical Chung-Feller theorem on free Dyck paths and some generalizations and variations with respect to Dyck paths and Schr\"oder paths with flaws turn out to be immediate consequences of the butterfly decomposition and the preorder traversal of plane trees. We obtain two involutions on free Dyck paths and free Schr\"oder paths, leading to two combinatorial identities. We also use the butterfly decomposition to give a combinatorial treatment of the generating function for the number of chains in plane trees due to Klazar. We further study the average size of chains in plane trees with $n$ edges and show that this number asymptotically tends to ${n+9 \over 6}$.
 Qiuping A. Wang Mathematics , 2006, Abstract: The relationship between three probability distributions and their maximizable entropy forms is discussed without postulating entropy property. For this purpose, the entropy I is defined as a measure of uncertainty of the probability distribution of a random variable x by a variational relationship, a definition underlying the maximization of entropy for corresponding distribution.
 Physics , 2007, DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2007/06/012 Abstract: We investigate the measure problem in the framework of inflationary cosmology. The measure of the history space is constructed and applied to inflation models. Using this measure, it is shown that the probability for the generalized single field slow roll inflation to last for $N$ e-folds is suppressed by a factor $\exp(-3N)$, and the probability for the generalized $n$-field slow roll inflation is suppressed by a much larger factor $\exp(-3nN)$. Some non-inflationary models such as the cyclic model do not suffer from this difficulty.
 Physics , 2012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.86.023521 Abstract: General relativity has a Hamiltonian formulation, which formally provides a canonical (Liouville) measure on the space of solutions. In ordinary statistical physics, the Liouville measure is used to compute probabilities of macrostates, and it would seem natural to use the similar measure arising in general relativity to compute probabilities in cosmology, such as the probability that the universe underwent an era of inflation. Indeed, a number of authors have used the restriction of this measure to the space of homogeneous and isotropic universes with scalar field matter (minisuperspace)---namely, the Gibbons-Hawking-Stewart measure---to make arguments about the likelihood of inflation. We argue here that there are at least four major difficulties with using the measure of general relativity to make probability arguments in cosmology: (1) Equilibration does not occur on cosmological length scales. (2) Even in the minisuperspace case, the measure of phase space is infinite and the computation of probabilities depends very strongly on how the infinity is regulated. (3) The inhomogeneous degrees of freedom must be taken into account (we illustrate how) even if one is interested only in universes that are very nearly homogeneous. The measure depends upon how the infinite number of degrees of freedom are truncated, and how one defines "nearly homogeneous." (4) In a universe where the second law of thermodynamics holds, one cannot make use of our knowledge of the present state of the universe to "retrodict" the likelihood of past conditions.
 Mathematics , 2012, Abstract: We define the disposition polynomial $R_{m}(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n)$ as $\prod_{k=0}^{m-1}(x_1+x_2+...+x_n+k)$. When $m=n-1$, this polynomial becomes the generating function of plane trees with respect to certain statistics as given by Guo and Zeng. When $x_i=1$ for $1\leq i\leq n$, $R_{m}(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n)$ reduces to the rising factorial $n(n+1)... (n+m-1)$. Guo and Zeng asked the question of finding a combinatorial proof of the formula for the generating function of plane trees with respect to the number of younger children and the number of elder children. We find a combinatorial interpretation of the disposition polynomials in terms of the number of right-to-left minima of each linear order in a disposition. Then we establish a bijection between plane trees on $n$ vertices and dispositions from ${1, 2,..., n-1}$ to ${1, 2,..., n}$ in the spirit of the Pr\"ufer correspondence. It gives an answer to the question of Guo and Zeng, and it also provides an answer to another question of Guo and Zeng concerning an identity on the plane tree expansion of a polynomial introduced by Gessel and Seo.
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