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 Mathematics , 2002, Abstract: We prove the Kloosterman-Spectral sum formula for PSL(2,Z[i])\PSL(2,C), and apply it to derive an explicit spectral expansion for the fourth power moment of the Dedekind zeta function of the Gaussian number field. This sum formula allows the extension of the spectral theory of Kloosterman sums to all algebraic number fields.
 D. I. Tolev Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: We establish a simple identity and using it we find a new proof of a result of Kloosterman.
 Alexander Berkovich Mathematics , 2009, Abstract: I discuss a variety of results involving s(n), the number of representations of n as a sum of three squares. One of my objectives is to reveal numerous interesting connections between the properties of this function and certain modular equations of degree 3 and 5. In particular, I show that s(25n)=(6-(-n|5))s(n)-5s(n/25) follows easily from the well known Ramanujan modular equation of degree 5. Moreover, I establish new relations between s(n) and h(n), g(n), the number of representations of $n$ by the ternary quadratic forms 2x^2+2y^2+2z^2-yz+zx+xy and x^2+y^2+3z^2+xy, respectively. I propose an interesting identity for s(p^2n)- p s(n) with p being an odd prime. This identity makes nontrivial use of the ternary quadratic forms with discriminants p^2, 16p^2.
 Mathematics , 2015, Abstract: For a positive integer $m$ and a subgroup $\Lambda$ of the unit group $(\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z})^\times$, the corresponding generalized Kloosterman sum is the function $K(a,b,m,\Lambda) = \sum_{u \in \Lambda}e(\frac{au + bu^{-1}}{m})$. Unlike classical Kloosterman sums, which are real valued, generalized Kloosterman sums display a surprising array of visual features when their values are plotted in the complex plane. In a variety of instances, we identify the precise number-theoretic conditions that give rise to particular phenomena.
 Computer Science , 2011, Abstract: We propose a simple deterministic test for deciding whether or not an element $a \in \F_{2^n}^{\times}$ or $\F_{3^n}^{\times}$ is a zero of the corresponding Kloosterman sum over these fields, and rigorously analyse its runtime. The test seems to have been overlooked in the literature. The expected cost of the test for binary fields is a single point-halving on an associated elliptic curve, while for ternary fields the expected cost is one half of a point-thirding on an associated elliptic curve. For binary fields of practical interest, this represents an O(n) speedup over the previous fastest test. By repeatedly invoking the test on random elements of $\F_{2^n}^{\times}$ we obtain the most efficient probabilistic method to date to find non-trivial Kloosterman sum zeros. The analysis depends on the distribution of Sylow $p$-subgroups in the two families of associated elliptic curves, which we ascertain using a theorem due to Howe.
 Eren Mehmet Kiral Mathematics , 2015, Abstract: We study the meromorphic continuation and the spectral expansion of the oppposite sign Kloosterman sum zeta function, $$(2\pi \sqrt{mn})^{2s-1}\sum_{\ell=1}^\infty \frac{S(m,-n,\ell)}{\ell^{2s}}$$ for $m,n$ positive integers, to all $s \in \mathbb{C}$. There are poles of the function corresponding to zeros of the Riemann zeta function and the spectral parameters of Maass forms. The analytic properties of this function are rather delicate. It turns out that the spectral expansion of the zeta function converges only in a left half-plane, disjoint from the region of absolute convergence of the Dirichlet series, even though they both are analytic expressions of the same meromorphic function on the entire complex plane.
 Mathematics , 2007, Abstract: We investigate how well complex algebraic numbers can be approximated by algebraic numbers of degree at most n. We also investigate how well complex algebraic numbers can be approximated by algebraic integers of degree at most n+1. It follows from our investigations that for every positive integer n there are complex algebraic numbers of degree larger than n that are better approximable by algebraic numbers of degree at most n than almost all complex numbers. As it turns out, these numbers are more badly approximable by algebraic integers of degree at most n+1 than almost all complex numbers.
 Ping Xi Mathematics , 2010, Abstract: Let $q$ be a positive integer, $\chi$ a nontrivial character mod $q$, $\mathcal{I}$ an interval of length not exceeding $q.$ In this paper we shall study the character sum analogue of the well-known Kloosterman sum,$\sum_{\substack{a\in\mathcal{I} \gcd(a,q)=1}}\chi(ma+n\overline{a}),$ where $\overline{a}$ is the multiplicative inverse of $a\bmod q$. The mean square values and bilinear forms for such sums are proved.
 Mathematics , 2008, Abstract: Consider the polynomial optimization problem whose objective and constraints are all described by multivariate polynomials. Under some genericity assumptions, %% on these polynomials, we prove that the optimality conditions always hold on optimizers, and the coordinates of optimizers are algebraic functions of the coefficients of the input polynomials. We also give a general formula for the algebraic degree of the optimal coordinates. The derivation of the algebraic degree is equivalent to counting the number of all complex critical points. As special cases, we obtain the algebraic degrees of quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP), second order cone programming (SOCP) and $p$-th order cone programming (pOCP), in analogy to the algebraic degree of semidefinite programming.
 Giulio Peruginelli Mathematics , 2013, DOI: 10.1016/j.jnt.2013.11.007 Abstract: Let $K$ be a number field of degree $n$ with ring of integers $O_K$. By means of a criterion of Gilmer for polynomially dense subsets of the ring of integers of a number field, we show that, if $h\in K[X]$ maps every element of $O_K$ of degree $n$ to an algebraic integer, then $h(X)$ is integral-valued over $O_K$, that is $h(O_K)\subset O_K$. A similar property holds if we consider the set of all algebraic integers of degree $n$ and a polynomial $f\in\mathbb{Q}[X]$: if $f(\alpha)$ is integral over $\mathbb{Z}$ for every algebraic integer $\alpha$ of degree $n$, then $f(\beta)$ is integral over $\mathbb{Z}$ for every algebraic integer $\beta$ of degree smaller than $n$. This second result is established by proving that the integral closure of the ring of polynomials in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ which are integer-valued over the set of matrices $M_n(\mathbb{Z})$ is equal to the ring of integral-valued polynomials over the set of algebraic integers of degree equal to $n$.
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