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Identification of recurring patterns in fractionated atrial electrograms using new transform coefficients Edward J Ciaccio, Angelo B Biviano, William Whang, Hasan Garan BioMedical Engineering OnLine , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-4 Abstract: CFAE were obtained from the four pulmonary vein ostia, and from the anterior and posterior left atrium, in 10 patients with paroxysmal AF and 10 patients with longstanding persistent AF (216 recordings in total). Sequences 8.4 s in length were analyzed (8,192 sample points, 977 Hz sampling). Among the 216 sequences, two recurrent patterns A and B were substituted for 4 and 5 of the sequences, respectively. To this data, random interference, and random interference + noise were separately added. Basis vectors were constructed using a new transform that is derived from ensemble averaging. Patterns A and B were then detected and classified using a threshold level of Euclidean distance between spectral signatures as constructed with transform coefficients.In the presence of interference, sensitivity to detect and distinguish two patterns A and B was 96.2%, while specificity to exclude nonpatterns was 98.0%. In the presence of interference + noise, sensitivity was 89.1% while specificity was 97.0%.Transform coefficients computed from ensemble averages can be used to succinctly quantify synchronized patterns present in AF data. The technique is useful to automatically detect recurrent patterns in CFAE that are embedded in interference without user bias. This quantitation can be implemented in real-time to map the AF substrate prior to and during catheter ablation.Radiofrequency catheter ablation is often used for successful treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), and is guided in part by the morphology of electrograms recorded from the catheter tip. Of particular interest are complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE), which are composed of multiple deflections with varying baseline, or continuous deflections with low voltage [1]. The CFAE may represent the arrhythmogenic substrate for AF. Ablating CFAE can increase the cycle length of the arrhythmia, suggesting the importance of some of these regions as drivers to maintain AF [2]. Ablation of CFAE may improve outcome 保存   相关文章

A Three-Dimensional Human Atrial Model with Fiber Orientation. Electrograms and Arrhythmic Activation Patterns Relationship  [PDF] Catalina Tobón, Carlos A. Ruiz-Villa, Elvio Heidenreich, Lucia Romero, Fernando Hornero, Javier Saiz PLOS ONE , 2013, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050883 Abstract: The most common sustained cardiac arrhythmias in humans are atrial tachyarrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation. Areas of complex fractionated atrial electrograms and high dominant frequency have been proposed as critical regions for maintaining atrial fibrillation; however, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between the characteristics of electrograms and the propagation pattern underlying them. In this study, a realistic 3D computer model of the human atria has been developed to investigate this relationship. The model includes a realistic geometry with fiber orientation, anisotropic conductivity and electrophysiological heterogeneity. We simulated different tachyarrhythmic episodes applying both transient and continuous ectopic activity. Electrograms and their dominant frequency and organization index values were calculated over the entire atrial surface. Our simulations show electrograms with simple potentials, with little or no cycle length variations, narrow frequency peaks and high organization index values during stable and regular activity as the observed in atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia (except in areas of conduction block) and in areas closer to ectopic activity during focal atrial fibrillation. By contrast, cycle length variations and polymorphic electrograms with single, double and fragmented potentials were observed in areas of irregular and unstable activity during atrial fibrillation episodes. Our results also show: 1) electrograms with potentials without negative deflection related to spiral or curved wavefronts that pass over the recording point and move away, 2) potentials with a much greater proportion of positive deflection than negative in areas of wave collisions, 3) double potentials related with wave fragmentations or blocking lines and 4) fragmented electrograms associated with pivot points. Our model is the first human atrial model with realistic fiber orientation used to investigate the relationship between different atrial arrhythmic propagation patterns and the electrograms observed at more than 43000 points on the atrial surface. 保存   相关文章

Characterization of Respiratory and Cardiac Motion from Electro-Anatomical Mapping Data for Improved Fusion of MRI to Left Ventricular Electrograms  [PDF] Sébastien Roujol, Elad Anter, Mark E. Josephson, Reza Nezafat PLOS ONE , 2013, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078852 Abstract: Accurate fusion of late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electro-anatomical voltage mapping (EAM) is required to evaluate the potential of MRI to identify the substrate of ventricular tachycardia. However, both datasets are not acquired at the same cardiac phase and EAM data is corrupted with respiratory motion limiting the accuracy of current rigid fusion techniques. Knowledge of cardiac and respiratory motion during EAM is thus required to enhance the fusion process. In this study, we propose a novel approach to characterize both cardiac and respiratory motion from EAM data using the temporal evolution of the 3D catheter location recorded from clinical EAM systems. Cardiac and respiratory motion components are extracted from the recorded catheter location using multi-band filters. Filters are calibrated for each EAM point using estimates of heart rate and respiratory rate. The method was first evaluated in numerical simulations using 3D models of cardiac and respiratory motions of the heart generated from real time MRI data acquired in 5 healthy subjects. An accuracy of 0.6–0.7 mm was found for both cardiac and respiratory motion estimates in numerical simulations. Cardiac and respiratory motions were then characterized in 27 patients who underwent LV mapping for treatment of ventricular tachycardia. Mean maximum amplitude of cardiac and respiratory motion was 10.2±2.7 mm (min = 5.5, max = 16.9) and 8.8±2.3 mm (min = 4.3, max = 14.8), respectively. 3D Cardiac and respiratory motions could be estimated from the recorded catheter location and the method does not rely on additional imaging modality such as X-ray fluoroscopy and can be used in conventional electrophysiology laboratory setting. 保存   相关文章

Cardiac tumours: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological features Silva, Ricardo Pereira;Pinheiro, Aglaerton;Costa, Ieda;Costa Filho, José Eloy da;Rodrigues Sobrinho, Carlos Roberto Martins;Andrade, Pedro José Negreiros de;Torres, Jo？o Martins de Sousa;Jucá, Eduardo Régis Monte; Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular , 2003, DOI: 10.1590/S0102-76382003000100012 Abstract: objective: the purpose of our paper was clinical and echocardiographic characterisation of patients with cardiac tumours and the evaluation of the surgery and tumour recurrence. method: the first part of research was a retrospective investigation to identify cardiac tumours identification and to collect data from patients' records of the messejana hospital and walter cantídio university hospital, from 1981 to 2001. in this period, 19 cases of cardiac tumours were discovered. the patients were submitted to clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic re-evaluation from march to july 2002. results: congestive symptoms and thoracic pain were the most frequent symptoms. the location in which most of the tumours were identified was left atrium. among patients submitted to surgery, all of them had the tumour extracted from atrium. the most common histopathologic type was myxoma (78%). surgical mortality was 14%. tumour recurrence occurred in one patient. conclusion: cardiac tumours were more frequent in left atrium, benign tumours were more frequent than malignant tumours, and the most frequent histopathologic type was myxoma. 保存   相关文章

Role of Sodium Channel on Cardiac Action Potential S. H. Sabzpoushan,A. Faghani Ghodrat Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research , 2012, Abstract: Sudden cardiac death is a major cause of death worldwide. In most cases, it's caused by abnormal action potential propagation that leads to cardiac arrhythmia. The aim of this article is to study the abnormal action potential propagation through sodium ion concentration variations. We use a new electrophysiological model that is both detailed and computationally efficient. This efficient model is based on the partial differential equation method. The central finite difference method is used for numerical solving of the two-dimensional (2D) wave propagation equation. Simulations are implemented in two stages, as a single cardiac cell and as a two-dimensional grid of cells. In both stages, the normal action potential formation in case of a single cell and it's normal propagation in case of a two-dimensional grid of cells were simulated with nominal sodium ion conductance. Then, the effect of sodium ion concentration on the action potential signal was studied by reducing the sodium ion conductance. It is concluded that reducing the sodium ion conductance, decreases both passing ability and conduction velocity of the action potential wave front. 保存   相关文章

Numerical simulation of electrocardiograms for full cardiac cycles in healthy and pathological conditions  [PDF] Elisa Schenone,Annabelle Collin,Jean-Frédéric Gerbeau Physics , 2015, Abstract: This work is dedicated to the simulation of full cycles of the electrical activity of the heart and the corresponding body surface potential. The model is based on a realistic torso and heart anatomy, including ventricles and atria. One of the specificities of our approach is to model the atria as a surface, which is the kind of data typically provided by medical imaging for thin volumes. The bidomain equations are considered in their usual formulation in the ventricles, and in a surface formulation on the atria. Two ionic models are used: the Courtemanche-Ramirez-Nattel model on the atria, and the "Minimal model for human Ventricular action potentials" (MV) by Bueno-Orovio, Cherry and Fenton in the ventricles. The heart is weakly coupled to the torso by a Robin boundary condition based on a resistor- capacitor transmission condition. Various ECGs are simulated in healthy and pathological conditions (left and right bundle branch blocks, Bachmann's bundle block, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome). To assess the numerical ECGs, we use several qualitative and quantitative criteria found in the medical literature. Our simulator can also be used to generate the signals measured by a vest of electrodes. This capability is illustrated at the end of the article. 保存   相关文章

A new transform for the analysis of complex fractionated atrial electrograms Edward J Ciaccio, Angelo B Biviano, William Whang, James Coromilas, Hasan Garan BioMedical Engineering OnLine , 2011, DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-10-35 Abstract: A data-driven basis and transform is described which utilizes the ensemble average of signal segments to identify and distinguish CFAE morphologic components and frequencies. Calculation of the dominant frequency (DF) of actual CFAE, and identification of simulated independent generator frequencies and morphologies embedded in CFAE, is done using a total of 216 recordings from 10 paroxysmal and 10 persistent AF patients. The transform is tested versus Fourier analysis to detect spectral components in the presence of phase noise and interference. Correspondence is shown between ensemble basis vectors of highest power and corresponding synthetic drivers embedded in CFAE.The ensemble basis is orthogonal, and efficient for representation of CFAE components as compared with Fourier analysis (p ≤ 0.002). When three synthetic drivers with additive phase noise and interference were decomposed, the top three peaks in the ensemble power spectrum corresponded to the driver frequencies more closely as compared with top Fourier power spectrum peaks (p ≤ 0.005). The synthesized drivers with phase noise and interference were extractable from their corresponding ensemble basis with a mean error of less than 10%.The new transform is able to efficiently identify CFAE features using DF calculation and by discerning morphologic differences. Unlike the Fourier transform method, it does not distort CFAE signals prior to analysis, and is relatively robust to jitter in periodic events. Thus the ensemble method can provide a useful alternative for quantitative characterization of CFAE during clinical study.Transforms that use a general basis like Fourier analysis are not efficient for representation of independent biophysical sources, or drivers, unless these happen to be generated by sinusoidal functions. In contrast, transforms that use data-driven bases can be efficacious for distinguishing uncorrelated signal components generated by independent drivers, if the morphology is reproduced i 保存   相关文章

Improved frequency resolution for characterization of complex fractionated atrial electrograms Edward J Ciaccio, Angelo B Biviano, William Whang, Hasan Garan BioMedical Engineering OnLine , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-17 Abstract: In 10 paroxysmal and 10 persistent atrial fibrillation patients, 216 CFAE were acquired from the pulmonary vein ostia and left atrial free wall (977？Hz sampling rate, 8192 sample points, 8.4？s duration). With these parameter values, in the physiologic range of 3–10？Hz, two frequency components can theoretically be resolved at 0.24？Hz using Fourier analysis and at 0.10？Hz on average using the new technique. For testing, two closely-spaced periodic components were synthesized from two different CFAE recordings, and combined with two other CFAE recordings magnified 2×, that served as interference signals. The ability to resolve synthesized frequency components in the range 3–4？Hz, 4–5？Hz, …, 9–10？Hz was determined for 15 trials each (105 total).With the added interference, frequency resolution averaged 0.29？±？0.22？Hz for Fourier versus 0.16？±？0.10？Hz for the new method (p？<？0.001). The misalignment error of spectral peaks versus actual values was ±0.023？Hz for Fourier and ±0.009？Hz for the new method (p？<？0.001). One or both synthesized peaks were lost in the noise floor 13/105 times using Fourier versus 4/105 times using the new method.Within the physiologically relevant frequency range for characterization of CFAE, the new method has approximately twice the spectral resolution of Fourier analysis, there is less error in estimating frequencies, and peaks appear more readily above the noise floor. Theoretically, when interference is not present, to resolve frequency components separated by 0.10？Hz using Fourier analysis would require an 18.2？s sequence duration, versus 8.4？s with the new method. 保存   相关文章

A Map-Based Model of the Cardiac Action Potential  [PDF] Nikolai F. Rulkov Quantitative Biology , 2007, Abstract: A discrete time model that is capable of replicating the basic features of cardiac cell action potentials is suggested. The paper shows how the map-based approaches can be used to design highly efficient computational models (algorithms) that enable large-scale simulations and analysis of discrete network models of cardiac activity. 保存   相关文章

CpG-ODN Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure by Activation of PI3Kα-Akt Signaling  [PDF] Liang Yang, Xiangyu Cai, Jie Liu, Zhe Jia, Jinjin Jiao, Jincai Zhang, Changlin Li, Jing Li, Xiang D. Tang PLOS ONE , 2013, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062373 Abstract: Phosphoinositide-3-kinase α (PI3Kα) represents a potential novel drug target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH) and heart failure. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are classic agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which typically activates PI3K-Akt signaling in immune cells; however, the role of the nucleotide TLR9 agonists in cardiac myocytes is largely unknown. Here we report that CpG-ODN C274 could both attenuate PCH and improve cardiac dysfunction by activating PI3Kα-Akt signaling cascade. In vitro studies indicated that C274 could blunt reactivation of fetal cardiac genes and cell enlargement induced by a hypertrophic agent, isoproterenol. The anti-hypertrophic effect of C274 was suppressed by a pan-PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, or a small interfering RNA targeting PI3Kα. In vivo studies demonstrated that PCH, as marked by increased heart weight (HW) and cardiac ANF mRNA, was normalized by pre-administration with C274. In addition, Doppler echocardiography detected cardiac ventricular dilation, and contractile dysfunction in isoproterenol-treated animals, consistent with massive replacement fibrosis, reflecting cardiac cell death. As expected, pre-treatment of mice with C274 could prevent cardiac dysfunction associated with diminished cardiac cell death and fibrosis. In conclusion, CpG-ODNs are novel cardioprotective agents possessing antihypertrophic and anti-cell death activity afforded by engagement of the PI3Kα-Akt signaling. CpG-ODNs may have clinical use curbing the progression of PCH and preventing heart failure. 保存   相关文章

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