全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

Antiestrogenic Compounds and Breast Cancer

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1102468, PP. 1-11

Subject Areas: Women’s Health, Oncology

Keywords: Breast Cancer, Anti-Estrogen Compounds, Bcl-2, GRP78, Caspase 8

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Breast cancer is the main threat around the world. Estrogen and estrogen receptors (ER) assume a noteworthy part in breast disease movement and advancement. Breast cancer is the most pervasive disease in women, every year more than 200,000 new cases analyzed. Estrogen receptors are expressed in 70% of all the breast cancer cases, so it is an important target for the treatment of breast cancer. Anti-estrogen compounds are of significant importance since it can be used as a therapy for breast cancer. In this review we have summarized the most important anti-estrogen compounds being used for the treatment of the breast cancer and their related molecular pathways with the hope that this will enhance our understanding to these compounds.

 Cite this paper

Asim, M. , Ali, N. , Asghar, R. , Amin, A. and Rahman, M. S. U. (2016). Antiestrogenic Compounds and Breast Cancer. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2468. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102468.

References

[1]  Siegel, R., Naishadham, D. and Jemal, A. (2013) Cancer Statistics, 2013. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 63, 11-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21166
[2]  Riggins, R.B., et al. (2005) Antiestrogens, Aromatase Inhibitors, and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer. Vitamins & Hormones, 71, 201-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(05)71007-4
[3]  Clarke, R., et al. (2001) Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology of Antiestrogen Action and Resistance. Pharmacological Reviews, 53, 25-72.
[4]  Coultas, L. and Strasser, A. (2003) The Role of the Bcl-2 Protein Family in Cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 13, 115-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00129-3
[5]  Youle, R.J. and Strasser, A. (2008) The BCL-2 Protein Family: Opposing Activities That Mediate Cell Death. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 9, 47-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2308
[6]  Pattingre, S., et al. (2005) Bcl-2 Antiapoptotic Proteins Inhibit Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy. Cell, 122, 927-939.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.002
[7]  Yang, Q., et al. (2003) Prognostic Value of Bcl-2 in Invasive Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy and Endocrine Therapy. Oncology Reports, 10, 121-125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.10.1.121
[8]  Cameron, D., et al. (2000) Effective Tamoxifen Therapy of Breast Cancer Involves Both Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Changes. European Journal of Cancer, 36, 845-851.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00013-7
[9]  Ellis, P., et al. (1998) Reduced Apoptosis and Proliferation and Increased Bcl-2 in Residual Breast Cancer Following Preoperative Chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 48, 107-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005933815809
[10]  Bachleitner-Hofmann, T., et al. (2002) Pattern of Hormone Receptor Status of Secondary Contralateral Breast Cancers in Patients Receiving Adjuvant Tamoxifen. Clinical Cancer Research, 8, 3427-3432.
[11]  Campbell, R.A., et al. (2001) Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT-Mediated Activation of Estrogen Receptor α—A new Model for Anti-Estrogen Resistance. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 9817-9824.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M010840200
[12]  Nandi, S., Guzman, R.C. and Yang, J. (1995) Hormones and Mammary Carcinogenesis in Mice, Rats, and Humans: A Unifying Hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92, 3650-3657.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.9.3650
[13]  Clemons, M. and Goss, P. (2001) Estrogen and the Risk of Breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 276-285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101253440407
[14]  Kumar, M.M., et al. (2007) A Mouse Model for Luminal Epithelial Like ER Positive Subtype of Human Breast Cancer. BMC Cancer, 7, 180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-7-180
[15]  Jordan, V.C. (1995) “Studies on the Estrogen Receptor in Breast Cancer”—20 Years as a Target for the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 36, 267-285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713399
[16]  Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (2003) Breast Disorders: Breast Cancer. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
[17]  Society, A.C. (2007) Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2007-2008. American Cancer Society Atlanta.
[18]  Giordano, S.H., Cohen, D.S., Buzdar, A.U., Perkins, G. and Hortobagyi, G.N. (2004) Breast Carcinoma in Men. Cancer, 101, 51-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20312
[19]  Nelson, H.D., Tyne, K., Naik, A., Bougatsos, C., Chan, B.K. and Humphrey, L. (2009) Screening for Breast Cancer: An Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 727-737.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-10-200911170-00009
[20]  Lakhani, S.R. (1999) The Pathology of Familial Breast Cancer: Morphological Aspects. Breast Cancer Research, 1, 31-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr10
[21]  Saslow, D., et al. (2004) Clinical Breast Examination: Practical Recommendations for Optimizing Performance and Reporting. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 54, 327-344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.54.6.327
[22]  Yu, Y.-H., Liang, C. and Yuan, X.-Z. (2010) Diagnostic Value of Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy for Breast Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 120, 469-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-010-0750-1
[23]  Fahey, S.L., et al. (1994) Clinical Pharmacology and Endocrinology of Long-Term Tamoxifen Therapy. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
[24]  Ellis, P.A., et al. (1997) Induction of Apoptosis by Tamoxifen and ICI 182780 in Primary Breast Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 72, 608-613.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970807)72:4<608::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-7
[25]  Buzdar, A., Marcus, C., Holmes, F., Hug, V. and Hortobagyi, G. (1988) Phase II Evaluation of Lyl56758 in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Oncology, 45, 344-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000226637
[26]  Cummings, S.R., et al. (1999) The Effect of Raloxifene on Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the MORE Randomized Trial. JAMA, 281, 2189-2197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.23.2189
[27]  Fisher, B., et al., Other National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Investigators (1998) Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90, 1371-1388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371
[28]  Evans, C.T., Ledesma, D.B., Schulz, T.Z., Simpson, E.R. and Mendelson, C.R. (1986) Isolation and Characterization of a Complementary DNA Specific for Human Aromatase-System Cytochrome P-450 mRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83, 6387-6391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.17.6387
[29]  Miller, W. and Dixon, J. (2001) Local Endocrine Effects of Aromatase Inhibitors within the Breast. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 79, 93-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00148-0
[30]  Longcope, C., Baker, R. and Johnston, C. (1986) Androgen and Estrogen Metabolism: Relationship to Obesity. Metabolism, 35, 235-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(86)90206-4
[31]  Santen, R.J., Samojlik, E., Lipton, A., Harvey, H., Ruby, E.B., Wells, S.A. and Kendall, J. (1977) Kinetic, Hormonal and Clinical Studies with Aminoglutethimide in Breast Cancer. Cancer, 39, 2948-2958.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197706)39:6<2948::AID-CNCR2820390681>3.0.CO;2-9
[32]  Steele, R.E., Mellor, L.B., Sawyer, W.K., Wasvary, J.M. and Browne, L.J. (1987) In Vitro and in Vivo Studies Demonstrating Potent and Selective Estrogen Inhibition with the Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitor CGS 16949A. Steroids, 50, 147-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-128X(83)90068-5
[33]  Howell, A. (2001) Preliminary Experience with Pure Antiestrogens. Cancer Research, 7, 4369s-4375s.
[34]  Clarke, R., et al. (2003) Antiestrogen Resistance in Breast Cancer and the Role of Estrogen Receptor Signaling. Oncogene, 22, 7316-7339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206937
[35]  Howell, A., Robertson, J.F.R., Albano, J.Q., Aschermannova, A., Mauriac, L., Kleeberg, U.R., Vergote, I., Erikstein, B., Webster, A. and Morris, C. (2002) Fulvestrant, Formerly ICI 182,780, Is as Effective as Anastrozole in Postmenopausal Women with Advanced Breast Cancer Progressing after Prior Endocrine Treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 3396-3403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.10.057
[36]  MacNeill, F., Jones, A.L., Jacobs, S., Lonning, P.E., Powles, T.J. and Dowsett, M. (1992) The Influence of Aminoglutethimide and Its Analogue Rogletimide on Peripheral Aromatisation in Breast Cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 66, 692-697.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.339
[37]  Geisler, J., et al. (1998) In Vivo Inhibition of Aromatization by Exemestane, a Novel Irreversible Aromatase Inhibitor, in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 4, 2089-2093.
[38]  Howell, A., DeFriend, D.J., Blamey, R.W., Robertson, J.F. and Walton, P. (1995) Response to a Specific Antioestrogen (ICI 182780) in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. The Lancet, 345, 29-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91156-1
[39]  Clarke, R., Dickson, R.B. and Lippman, M.E. (1992) Hormonal Aspects of Breast Cancer: Growth Factors, Drugs and Stromal Interactions. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 12, 1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-8428(92)90062-U
[40]  Maycotte, P., Aryal, S., Cummings, C.T., Thorburn, J., Morgan, M.J. and Thorburn, A. (2012) Chloroquine Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy Independent of Autophagy. Autophagy, 8, 200-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.8.2.18554
[41]  Mukhopadhyay, A., Helgason, G.V., Karvela, M. and Holyoake, T.L. (2011) Hydroxychloroquine for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Complete Cure on the Horizon? Expert Review of Hematology, 4, 369-371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ehm.11.34
[42]  Larsen, S.S., Egeblad, M., Jaattela, M. and Lykkesfeldt, A.E. (1999) Acquired Antiestrogen Resistance in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Sublines Is Not Accomplished by Altered Expression of Receptors in the ErbB-Family. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 58, 41-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006232830161
[43]  Smith, L.M., Wise, S.C., Hendricks, D.T., Sabichi, A.L., Bos, T., Reddy, P., Brown, P.H. and Birrer, M.J. (1999) cJun Overexpression in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Produces a Tumorigenic, Invasive and Hormone Resistant Phenotype. Oncogene, 18, 6063-6070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1202989
[44]  Kurokawa, H., et al. (2000) Inhibition of HER2/neu (erbB-2) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Enhances Tamoxifen Action against HER2-Overexpressing, Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Research, 60, 5887- 5894.
[45]  Schwarze, S. and Rangnekar, V. (2010) Targeting Plasma Membrane GRP78 for Cancer Growth Inhibition. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 9, 153-155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.9.2.10760
[46]  Yahiro, K., Morinaga, N., Satoh, M., Matsuura, G., Tomonaga, T., Nomura, F., Moss, J. and Noda, M. (2006) Identification and Characterization of Receptors for Vacuolating Activity of Subtilase Cytotoxin. Molecular Microbiology, 62, 480-490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05379.x
[47]  Kim, H., Chung, H., Kim, H.-J., Lee, J.-Y., Oh, M.-Y., Kim, Y. and Kong, G. (2008) Id-1 Regulates Bcl-2 and Bax Expression through p53 and NF-κB in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 112, 287- 296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9871-6
[48]  Kawauchi, K., Araki, K., Tobiume, K. and Tanaka, N. (2008) p53 Regulates Glucose Metabolism through an IKK-NF-κB Pathway and Inhibits Cell Transformation. Nature cell Biology, 10, 611-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1724
[49]  Tang, Y., Hamed, H.A., Cruickshanks, N., Fisher, P.B., Grant, S. and Dent, P. (2012) Obatoclax and Lapatinib Interact to Induce Toxic Autophagy through NOXA. Molecular Pharmacology, 81, 527-540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.111.076851
[50]  Thomssen, C., et al. (1995) Prognostic Value of the Cysteine Proteases Cathepsins B and Cathepsin L in human breast Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 1, 741-746.
[51]  Gjertsen, B.T., Bredholt, T., Anensen, N. and Vintermyr, O.K. (2007) Bcl-2 Antisense in the Treatment of Human Malignancies: A Delusion in Targeted Therapy. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 8, 373-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920107783018381
[52]  Tavernarakis, N. and Samara, C. (2008) Autophagy and Cell Death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 97-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208783378770
[53]  Cook, K.L., Shajahan, A.N., Warri, A., Jin, L., Hilakivi-Clarke, L.A. and Clarke, R. (2012) Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Controls Cross-Talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy to Determine Antiestrogen Responsiveness. Cancer Research, 72, 3337-3349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-0269
[54]  Chen, X., et al. (2014) XBP1 Promotes Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Controlling the HIF1α Pathway. Nature, 508, 103-107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13119
[55]  Willhite, S.L., Goebel, S.R. and Scoggin, J.A. (1998) Raloxifene Provides an Alternative for Osteoporosis Prevention. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 32, 834-837.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.17335
[56]  Flach, A.J. (2007) Improving the Risk-Benefit Relationship and Informed Consent for Patients Treated with Hydroxychloroquine. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 105, 191-197.

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413




©2008-2020 OALib, Inc | Public user content licensed CC-BY 4.0 unless otherwise specified. OALib ISSN Online: 2333-9721 OALib ISSN Print: 2333-9705